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{"id":181973,"date":"2025-09-05T08:47:41","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T06:47:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/?p=181973"},"modified":"2025-09-05T08:50:04","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T06:50:04","slug":"mais-ogm-avantages-risques-et-reglementation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/fr\/ainia-news\/mais-ogm-avantages-risques-et-reglementation\/","title":{"rendered":"Ma\u00efs OGM : avantages, risques et r\u00e9glementation"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le ma\u00efs OGM<\/strong> est une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de ma\u00efs dont le mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique a \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9 en laboratoire gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des techniques de g\u00e9nie g\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Contrairement aux m\u00e9thodes traditionnelles, cette technologie permet d\u2019incorporer des g\u00e8nes sp\u00e9cifiques d\u2019autres plantes ou organismes afin de conf\u00e9rer \u00e0 la culture des caract\u00e9ristiques particuli\u00e8res, comme la r\u00e9sistance aux parasites ou la tol\u00e9rance aux herbicides. Comprendre les enjeux li\u00e9s au ma\u00efs OGM<\/strong> est essentiel, car ce type de culture a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 certains des principaux d\u00e9fis de l\u2019agriculture moderne : am\u00e9liorer la productivit\u00e9, r\u00e9duire l\u2019utilisation de pesticides ou mieux s\u2019adapter aux conditions climatiques d\u00e9favorables. Par exemple, il existe des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de ma\u00efs OGM qui produisent une prot\u00e9ine agissant comme insecticide naturel, r\u00e9duisant ainsi le besoin de traitements chimiques.<\/p>\n

Avantages du ma\u00efs OGM<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Du point de vue productif, le ma\u00efs OGM<\/strong> :<\/p>\n
\n
\n
Optimise les rendements agricoles, c<\/strong>e qui peut contribuer \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\n
R\u00e9duit les intrants chimiques<\/strong> tels que les pesticides ou herbicides.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\n
Permet une gestion plus efficace de la culture<\/strong>, facilitant des pratiques agricoles plus durables.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
En ce qui concerne la r\u00e9glementation, ces cultures sont soumises \u00e0 une \u00e9valuation stricte de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et environnementale avant leur approbation. Des organismes internationaux tels que l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS)<\/strong> et l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des aliments (EFSA)<\/strong> s\u2019accordent \u00e0 dire que les aliments d\u00e9riv\u00e9s de cultures OGM actuellement autoris\u00e9es sont s\u00fbrs pour la consommation humaine. Toutefois, la perception sociale du ma\u00efs OGM demeure un aspect important. Dans certains march\u00e9s, il existe une demande croissante de produits \u00ab sans OGM \u00bb, ce qui oblige les entreprises \u00e0 envisager leur utilisation d\u2019un point de vue strat\u00e9gique, en tenant compte \u00e0 la fois des avantages technologiques et des attentes des consommateurs.<\/p>\n
\u00c9valuer les risques du ma\u00efs OGM<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Selon le Rapport annuel sur la situation mondiale de la commercialisation des cultures g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement modifi\u00e9es<\/strong> publi\u00e9 par l\u2019International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) en 2011<\/em>, la superficie mondiale des cultures biotechnologiques a atteint 160 millions d\u2019hectares. Dans l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE), 114 624 hectares de cultures OGM ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sem\u00e9s, et l\u2019Espagne est \u00e0 l\u2019avant-garde europ\u00e9enne avec 97 326 hectares de ma\u00efs OGM. \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, pour \u00e9valuer le risque des produits OGM commercialis\u00e9s<\/strong>, des \u00e9tudes scientifiques sont men\u00e9es afin de d\u00e9terminer l\u2019innocuit\u00e9 du produit. Nous commentons ci-dessous les r\u00e9sultats obtenus dans une \u00e9tude scientifique r\u00e9cente qui a examin\u00e9 la consommation de ma\u00efs OGM et ses effets sur les animaux utilis\u00e9s dans l\u2019exp\u00e9rience.<\/p>\n
Parmi les cultures d\u2019organismes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement modifi\u00e9s (OGM), nous soulignons le ma\u00efs OGM K 603, qui int\u00e8gre un g\u00e8ne lui conf\u00e9rant une r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l\u2019herbicide Roundup, compos\u00e9 de glyphosate. Cette vari\u00e9t\u00e9 est cultiv\u00e9e et commercialis\u00e9e dans de nombreux pays, tant pour la consommation humaine qu\u2019animale.<\/p>\n
Actuellement, une recherche r\u00e9cente publi\u00e9e dans la revue scientifique Toxicology in Vitro<\/em> (\u00e9d. Elsevier) par S\u00e9ralini et al., 2012, de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Caen en France, a d\u00e9termin\u00e9 l\u2019effet toxique \u00e0 long terme de l\u2019herbicide Roundup et du ma\u00efs g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement modifi\u00e9 tol\u00e9rant \u00e0 cet herbicide<\/strong>. Dans cette recherche, cette toxicit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rait des alt\u00e9rations et des tumeurs chez les rats utilis\u00e9s dans les exp\u00e9riences.<\/p>\n
Dans l\u2019exp\u00e9rience r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par le professeur S\u00e9ralini, diff\u00e9rents groupes de rats ont re\u00e7u, pendant deux ans : l\u2019herbicide Roundup, dont le principe actif est le glyphosate (ajout\u00e9 au ma\u00efs et \u00e0 l\u2019eau \u00e0 une concentration inf\u00e9rieure au niveau maximal autoris\u00e9 de r\u00e9sidus de pesticide) ; du ma\u00efs OGM r\u00e9sistant au glyphosate ; et, comme groupe t\u00e9moin, d\u2019autres rats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 nourris avec du ma\u00efs de la m\u00eame vari\u00e9t\u00e9 mais non g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement modifi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n
De fa\u00e7on surprenante, les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience indiquaient une diff\u00e9rence positive significative en termes de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de tumeurs entre les groupes de rats nourris avec du glyphosate dans l\u2019eau, du ma\u00efs OGM trait\u00e9 au glyphosate et du ma\u00efs OGM, par rapport au groupe t\u00e9moin<\/strong> (rats nourris avec du ma\u00efs non modifi\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement).<\/p>\n
Compte tenu des r\u00e9sultats du dernier travail du Prof. S\u00e9ralini, ainsi que des donn\u00e9es publi\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment d\u00e9crivant les effets n\u00e9gatifs du glyphosate sur des cellules in vitro de rats et d\u2019humains (Clair et al., 2012, Toxicology in Vitro<\/em> et Gasnier et al., 2009, Toxicology<\/em>), les aliments trait\u00e9s au glyphosate et m\u00eame le ma\u00efs OGM r\u00e9sistant \u00e0 ce compos\u00e9 pourraient \u00eatre identifi\u00e9s comme un risque \u00e9mergent pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire. Il conviendrait donc de r\u00e9\u00e9valuer leur impact sur la sant\u00e9 et sur l\u2019environnement.<\/p>\n
En fonction des r\u00e9sultats obtenus par le Prof. S\u00e9ralini, et compte tenu de la production et de la consommation croissantes d\u2019OGM, la diffusion de la publication a \u00e9t\u00e9 rapide et a eu un grand impact, principalement en Europe, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant une alarme sociale qui a conduit les institutions li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019analyse des risques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire \u00e0 \u00e9valuer en urgence la m\u00e9thodologie du travail publi\u00e9.<\/p>\n
\u00c0 court terme, \u00e0 la suite de cette publication, tant l\u2019Agence allemande que l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des aliments,<\/a> \u00e0 la demande de la Commission europ\u00e9enne<\/strong>, ont examin\u00e9 l\u2019article r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9 sur la toxicit\u00e9 potentielle du ma\u00efs OGM et de l\u2019herbicide Roundup contenant du glyphosate. Elles ont conclu que celui-ci \u00e9tait d\u2019une qualit\u00e9 scientifique insuffisante pour \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme valide pour devoir proc\u00e9der \u00e0 une r\u00e9\u00e9valuation du risque de ces produits.<\/p>\n
Parmi les conclusions<\/strong> de l\u2019EFSA figurent que :<\/p>\n
\n
\n
la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de rats utilis\u00e9e dans les essais est sujette au d\u00e9veloppement de tumeurs,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\n
le nombre d\u2019animaux utilis\u00e9s dans les exp\u00e9riences n\u2019\u00e9tait pas statistiquement appropri\u00e9,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\n
la publication ne respecte pas les mod\u00e8les et normes internationales, etc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
D\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, l\u2019\u00e9quipe du Prof. S\u00e9ralini a r\u00e9pondu aux objections de l\u2019EFSA sur le site web de l\u2019ONG CRIIGEN<\/a> et, lorsque le document sera officiel, un nouveau rapport sera probablement r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par l\u2019EFSA.<\/p>\n
\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 la fermet\u00e9 du rapport de l\u2019EFSA, les consommateurs potentiels d\u2019OGM peuvent \u00eatre rassur\u00e9s, bien que le cas suscite certaines interrogations et incertitudes qui devraient \u00eatre analys\u00e9es.<\/p>\n
Dans la m\u00e9thodologie d\u2019\u00e9valuation des risques \u00e9mergents<\/a>, une activit\u00e9 fondamentale que nous menons consiste en la r\u00e9vision d\u2019articles scientifiques pour identifier des signaux et tendances de risques potentiels pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire<\/strong>, sur lesquels prendre des mesures de gestion proactives. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, ces articles \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s pertinents et d\u2019une qualit\u00e9 scientifique av\u00e9r\u00e9e, car publi\u00e9s par des \u00e9diteurs int\u00e9grant une \u00e9valuation par des pairs reconnus dans le domaine et le sujet publi\u00e9.<\/p>\n
En conclusion, il convient de souligner que les proc\u00e9dures de r\u00e9vision des revues scientifiques devraient :<\/p>\n
\n
\n
\u00eatre standardis\u00e9es, homologu\u00e9es et contr\u00f4l\u00e9es p\u00e9riodiquement,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\n
inclure la qualification des \u00e9diteurs et des \u00e9valuateurs, ainsi que l\u2019enregistrement et la transparence du processus de r\u00e9vision des articles publi\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Tout cela afin de garantir la qualit\u00e9 des publications et d\u2019\u00e9viter l\u2019apparition d\u2019articles sensationnalistes, alarmistes ou simplement d\u00e9pourvus de rigueur scientifique, qui pourraient nuire ou remettre en cause le s\u00e9rieux et le bon fonctionnement du monde scientifique dans ses recherches et ses avanc\u00e9es.<\/p>\n
Enfin, il convient de pr\u00e9ciser que si, par hasard, le travail du Prof. S\u00e9ralini s\u2019av\u00e9rait fond\u00e9 et que ses r\u00e9sultats scientifiques \u00e9taient confirm\u00e9s, il serait n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019envisager une r\u00e9\u00e9valuation du risque du produit commercialis\u00e9, ainsi qu\u2019une possible r\u00e9vision de la m\u00e9thodologie d\u2019\u00e9valuation et de la l\u00e9gislation europ\u00e9enne applicable.<\/p>\n
R\u00e9f\u00e9rences:<\/strong><\/p>\n
1.S\u00e9ralini et al. 2012. Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and Chemical Toxicology. In press.<\/em>
\n2.Clair et al 2012. A glyphosate-based herbicide induces necrosis and apoptosis en mature rat testicular cells in vitro, and testosterone decrease at lower levels. Toxicology in Vitro 26 269-279.<\/em>
\n3.Gasnier et al. 2009. Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology\u00a0 184-191.<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/h6>\n<\/body><\/html>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Le ma\u00efs OGM est une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de ma\u00efs dont le mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique a \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9 en laboratoire gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des techniques de g\u00e9nie g\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Contrairement aux m\u00e9thodes traditionnelles, cette technologie permet d\u2019incorporer des g\u00e8nes sp\u00e9cifiques d\u2019autres plantes ou organismes afin de conf\u00e9rer \u00e0 la culture des caract\u00e9ristiques particuli\u00e8res, comme la r\u00e9sistance aux parasites ou la […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":291,"featured_media":181969,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1929],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-181973","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classifiee"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMa\u00efs OGM : avantages, risques et r\u00e9glementation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00e9couvrez les avantages et les risques du ma\u00efs OGM : rendements accrus, r\u00e9duction des pesticides, s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et perception des consommateurs.\" \/>\n<meta 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