{"id":184081,"date":"2025-11-06T16:41:17","date_gmt":"2025-11-06T14:41:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/?p=184081"},"modified":"2025-11-28T09:45:30","modified_gmt":"2025-11-28T08:45:30","slug":"digestive-system-step-by-step","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/en\/ainia-news\/digestive-system-step-by-step\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientific Validation of Active Ingredients: The Digestive System Step-by-Step"},"content":{"rendered":"<html><body><div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW41880406 BCX8\" lang=\"ES-ES\" xml:lang=\"ES-ES\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW41880406 BCX8\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW194446391 BCX8\" lang=\"ES-ES\" xml:lang=\"ES-ES\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194446391 BCX8\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW1005685 BCX8\" lang=\"ES-ES\" xml:lang=\"ES-ES\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW1005685 BCX8\">[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=\u201d\u201d]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Understanding, evaluating, and demonstrating the mechanism of action of functional ingredients is essential for companies in the sector. Society increasingly turns to these compounds to complement nutrition, but their inclusion in a formulation is not enough. It is crucial to justify their use with scientific criteria: they must be selected rigorously and supported by solid research, development, and validation of the functional effect attributed to them.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">How does an active ingredient behave within the digestive system?<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134245418\":true,\"134245529\":true,\"335559738\":160,\"335559739\":80}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When we ingest food or supplements, their <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">active ingredients<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> must overcome a complex journey through the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">digestive process<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Throughout this journey, they can undergo chemical transformations, interact with digestive enzymes, be affected by pH variations, or come into contact with the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/en\/ainia-news\/what-role-does-the-intestinal-microbiota-play-in-the-development-of-obesity\/\"><strong> intestinal microbiota<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is therefore essential to know:<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Whether the ingredient resists digestive conditions or degrades before exerting its effect.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In what form it reaches the intestine and whether it is bioavailable \u2014 that is, absorbable.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What impact it has on the intestinal microbiota and whether it generates bioactive metabolites.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This knowledge makes it possible to design more effective products and objectively substantiate their claimed benefits.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The digestive process step-by-step<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"134245418\":true,\"134245529\":true,\"335559738\":299,\"335559739\":299}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The human digestive system is divided into several phases, each with very different conditions that can influence the behavior of an <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">active ingredient<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 aria-level=\"3\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-184088\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/digestive-process-step-by-step-1024x680.png\" alt=\"digestive process step-by step\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/digestive-process-step-by-step-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/digestive-process-step-by-step-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/digestive-process-step-by-step-768x510.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/digestive-process-step-by-step.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">Oral phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Digestion begins in the mouth, known as the oral phase. Here, the teeth grind food into smaller particles, facilitating its subsequent processing. At the same time, the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/en\/ainia-news\/function-of-the-salivary-glands-in-the-digestive-system-the-importance-of-the-oral-cavity\/\">salivary glands<\/a><\/strong> play a key role by secreting enzymes such as salivary amylase, which begins to break down complex carbohydrates.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Once properly chewed and mixed with saliva, the food becomes the bolus, which travels down the esophagus to the stomach, leading to the gastric phase.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 aria-level=\"3\"><strong>Gastric phase\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When the bolus reaches the stomach, the gastric phase begins, characterized by a highly acidic environment. Here, food is mixed with gastric juices, a combination of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, primarily pepsin, which breaks down proteins into smaller fragments.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This stage performs key functions:<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Denatures proteins, facilitating their digestion.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Activates specific enzymes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Eliminates pathogenic microorganisms due to the low pH.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The duration of this phase varies between 2 and 4 hours, depending on the type of food ingested (for example, proteins take longer than simple carbohydrates).<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The result is a semi-liquid mixture called chyme, which is gradually released into the small intestine to continue the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">digestive process<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 aria-level=\"3\"><strong>Intestinal phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the intestinal phase, the chyme passes into the small intestine, where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur. It is also the most relevant stage for studying nutrient absorption and determining the potential effects of an <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">active ingredient<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or functional compound.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This stage of the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">digestive process<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> is driven by the combined action of pancreatic enzymes and bile salts, which break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into simpler molecules ready to be absorbed by the body.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">During this phase:<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The most intense enzymatic digestion takes place.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and simple sugars are absorbed.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The intestine regulates the bioavailability of active or functional ingredients.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This phase may last between 4 and 6 hours, depending on the type of food and the physiological state of the person.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 aria-level=\"3\"><strong>Colonic phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">After most nutrients have been absorbed in the small intestine, undigested material passes into the large intestine, beginning the colonic phase. From a scientific perspective, this stage is crucial to assess whether a functional ingredient has a prebiotic effect, modulates the microbiota, or generates beneficial metabolites.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">These effects can be studied in a controlled way using <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/en\/technological-services\/health-and-wellness\/health\/in-vitro-testing-in-dynamic-gastrointestinal-digester-bioaccessib-and-cell-culture-tests-biodisp\/\">gastrointestinal simulation models<\/a><\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, which accurately reproduce the entire <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">digestive process<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and provide detailed information on how ingredients impact the microbiota and its metabolism.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This stage includes two key processes: microbial fermentation and elimination.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the colon:<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Water and some residual minerals are absorbed, helping to compact intestinal contents.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The intestinal microbiota acts on undigested compounds, generating metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play a crucial role in metabolic, immune, and intestinal health.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Understanding this phase in depth enables progress toward solutions for more complex problems, such as chronic intestinal inflammation or colorectal cancer. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The contents can remain in the colon for 12 to 24 hours before being expelled through the rectum as feces.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-181261\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digestor-dinamico-tres-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"digestor dinamico\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digestor-dinamico-tres-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digestor-dinamico-tres-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digestor-dinamico-tres-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digestor-dinamico-tres.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122897703 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122897703 BCX8\">Why Use In Vitro Models to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122897703 BCX8\">validate<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122897703 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122897703 BCX8\">active ingredients<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122897703 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122897703 BCX8\">?<\/span><\/span> <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">To obtain scientific evidence about the real effect of an <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">active ingredient<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> in the body, <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/en\/technological-services\/health-and-wellness\/health\/in-vitro-testing-in-dynamic-gastrointestinal-digester-bioaccessib-and-cell-culture-tests-biodisp\/\">in vitro<\/a><\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/en\/technological-services\/health-and-wellness\/health\/in-vitro-testing-in-dynamic-gastrointestinal-digester-bioaccessib-and-cell-culture-tests-biodisp\/\"> digestion models<\/a><\/strong> have become an essential tool. These tests allow researchers to reproduce, in a controlled way, the physiological conditions that occur throughout the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">digestive process<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> \u2014 from the oral phase to colonic fermentation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Dynamic <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in vitro<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> models accurately reproduce key variables such as pH, transit time, the presence of digestive enzymes, and salt concentration at each stage of the digestive system.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition to enabling the study of an ingredient\u2019s behavior along the gastrointestinal tract, they provide an effective means to analyze its potential functional or beneficial effects after digestion and absorption. This methodology is also successfully applied in the field of animal digestive health, where <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in vitro<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> digesters allow the evaluation of functional ingredients without resorting to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ainia.com\/en\/ainia-news\/how-to-prove-that-an-ingredient-improves-animals-digestive-system-scientific-evidence-through-in-vitro-gastrointestinal-tract-simulation\/\">animal testing.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">These assays typically cover:<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Oral phase<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, where the initial release of the ingredient is evaluated.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Gastric phase<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, to study its stability under acidic conditions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Intestinal phase<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, critical for determining its bioavailability.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Colonic phase<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, which allows analysis of microbial fermentation and production of active metabolites.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">After digestion, intestinal absorption can also be simulated using<strong> cell culture models such as the Caco-2 cell line<\/strong>, representative of the human intestinal epithelium. This technique helps estimate which fraction of the ingested compound could actually reach the bloodstream (the bioavailable fraction), which is crucial for ingredients with systemic effects.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thanks to their versatility, reproducibility, and lower cost compared with <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in vivo<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> studies, these models are increasingly used in both research and the development of new nutraceutical, functional, and veterinary products.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">[\/vc_column_text]\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":1,\"335551620\":1,\"335559738\":240,\"335559739\":240,\"335559740\":279}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/body><\/html>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=\u201d\u201d]Understanding, evaluating, and demonstrating the mechanism of action of functional ingredients is essential for companies in the sector. Society increasingly turns to these compounds to complement nutrition, but their inclusion in a formulation is not enough. It is crucial to justify their use with scientific criteria: they must be selected rigorously and supported by [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":173427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1971],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-184081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technological-innovation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Validation of Active Ingredients: The Digestive System Step-by-Step<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientific evidence of an active ingredient through the digestive system step by step\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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